Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
A condition with many faces that can be managed with care and awareness
What is polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age. It affects ovarian function and is associated with hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, fertility challenges, and metabolic disturbances.
Despite its name, PCOS does not refer to harmful cysts but to a functional hormonal disorder. With accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment, the condition is entirely manageable and can be addressed effectively.
What it is and how it presents
Lack or infrequency of ovulation
Irregular or absent menstrual cycles, often exceeding 35 days or skipped for months.
Hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones)
Leads to acne, oily skin, hirsutism (excess hair growth on the face or body), and thinning scalp hair.
Polycystic appearance of ovaries on ultrasound
Ovaries show a high number of small follicles arranged along the periphery often described as a “string of pearls.”
Metabolic consequences
Commonly includes insulin resistance, weight gain, mild fatty liver, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of PCOS remains unknown but is believed to be a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Women with a genetic predisposition, especially those with family members diagnosed with PCOS, are at higher risk.
Hormonal imbalances involving the brain and ovaries can disrupt ovulation, while insulin resistance can exacerbate androgen levels. A sedentary lifestyle and weight gain further intensify metabolic symptoms.
How PCOS is diagnosed
Ovulatory dysfunction
Infrequent periods, long cycles, or complete absence of menstruation.
Clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism
Signs such as excessive hair growth or elevated testosterone levels on lab tests.
Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
Twelve or more small follicles in each ovary or increased ovarian volume.
Exclusion of other causes
Thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia must be ruled out.
Health and fertility implications
PCOS not only affects fertility but also general health. Women with PCOS may struggle with irregular ovulation, making conception difficult. Additionally, there is a heightened risk of cardiometabolic issues, including hypertension and insulin resistance.
The syndrome can also impact mental health, contributing to anxiety, depression, and body image concerns. Chronic lack of menstruation without hormonal intervention increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or cancer.
Management and supportive strategies
PCOS is a complex but controllable condition. With proper information, medical guidance, and self-care, women can overcome its challenges and maintain good reproductive and overall health. The right support makes all the difference.